支持此部落格請點一下


2019年12月18日 星期三

聖潔生活的操練


    清教運動的歷史背境中,已談及教會的腐敗,在這情況下,除了強調上帝的恩典成全信徒的聖潔外,信徒追求聖潔的責任也是清教徒所十分關注的。正如Parker 在描述 Owen 的作品時指出,“Holiness is both Gods promised gift and mans prescribed duty: neither can we perform our duty herein withour the grace of God; nor doth God give us this grace unto any other end but that we may rightly perform our duty.’ ......Sanctification has a double aspect. Its positive side is vivification, the growing and maturing of the new man; its negative side is mortification, the weakening and killing of the old man, the new powers and inclinations which regeneration implanted within us.

    以下,我將就追求聖潔和克制罪慾這兩方面去探討清教徒如何將聖潔的操練落實於生活中。

A.     追求聖潔:

1)     每天的操練:

清教徒看聖潔的追求須要不斷的練習,使其成為一自然的習慣。正如 Owen 所言:

Frequency of acts doth naturally increase and strengthen the habits whence they preceed. And in spiritual habits, it is so, moreover, by God‘s appointment......They grow and thrive in and by their exercise”

而這習慣是須要藉生活中每個行動去學習的:

the actual aid, assistance and internal operation of the Spirit of God is necessary unto the producing of every holy act of our mind, wills and affection, in every duty whatsoever”

2)     默想的操練:

Owen 進一步指出這種綀習乃透過默想的操練,注目於上帝的美善和自我的罪惡:

Meditate on the excellence of God‘s majesty and your own infinite, inconceivable distance from Him. This will prompt you to recognize your evil heart, a recognition which strikes at the root of any indwelling sin within you.”

Meditate much on your unacquaintedness with God. Little as you may know of Him, it is more than enough to keep you low and humbled.......God, by our Infirmity and weakness, keeps us in continual dependence upon Him for teachings and revelation of Himself from His Word. ......Let us, then, discerning once more the awful distance between the inconceivably great God and our own smallness, fill our soul with a holy and awesome fear of Him.”

    這種默想的操練讓人在上帝面前自卑,不斷依靠上帝,至孕育出心靈對上帝的敬畏。因此,這份畏懼心是一種覺悟,叫人知罪、能改過。

3)     畏懼與依靠:

    當時的信徒正是要抗拒和避除這份畏懼心,因它打擊他們自以為聖潔的心態。因此,本仁約翰針對他們的錯誤,對「畏懼」有以下的解釋:

“畏懼心使一個人的靈性上生出尊敬神的心,遵守神的道......小心翼翼的保守,不向左走,亦不向右走,卻走在正道上。務使他終身不做污辱神聖名的事,不使敵人毀謗上帝的名,不使聖靈擔憂,心中常存平安。”

Owen進一步指出這份畏懼迫使信徒更依靠上帝去過聖潔生活:
And we have a due regard unto the promise (1) when we walk in a constant sense of our inability tocomply with the command......from any power in ourselves, (2) When we adore that grace which hath provided help and relief for us, (3)  When we act faith in prayer and expectation on the promise for supplies of grace enabling us to holy obedience.”
 
B. 克制罪慾:

    另一方面,清教徒於英國聯邦政府統治時期的分烈和後退迫使Owen 深切反省到藏於信徒內心的罪之影響力。Parker 在介紹Owen 作品的引言中亦指出, The reality of indwelling sin in Christians had no doubt come to Owen with overwhelming conviction during the last years of the Common wealth government. He resisted Cromwell‘s personal ambitions to be crowned king and faced dissensions and strike among his compatriots. Later he lived to see his and others’ dreams for  ”a commonwealth of godliness“ collapse. All the political aspirations Owen had for his nation burst like soap bubbles. He saw clearly that the reality behind it all was indwelling sin in Christians.”
 
所以這時期的清教徒作品十分看重如何對付罪。 以下是Owen 他教導信徒如何對付內藏的罪,藉以回應當時的問題。

1) 克制罪慾的定義:

wen 十分仔細地指出 克制罪慾 Mortification(克制罪慾)是:
First, it is the weakening of sin‘s indwelling disposition. Pride is weakened by the implanting and growth of humility, passion is neutralized by patience, uncleanness is washed away by purity of mind and conscience, and love of this world is checked by heavenly mindedness. These graces come from the Holy Spirit. Second, it is the alacrity, vigor, and cheerfulness of the Spirit or new man contending against lust. Mortification succeeds in varying degrees and may completely triumph if the sin in question is not lodged too deeply within the natural temperament.”
以上可見 Mortification 乃漸進的過程,罪慾漸漸減小與上帝美善的漸漸增多。而 Mortification 是可以完成的。

2) 克制罪慾的必須:

Owen 認為, we find the foundation of Christian discipline expressed by Rom.8:13,...... to kill the indwelling sin, the corrupted flesh or lust thought with the help of Holy Spirit in order to have the joy, comfort and vigor of the life in Christ.

克制罪慾是信徒新生命的基礎,也是信徒成長的必經之路。

本仁約翰亦指出,“最要緊的是管好你們自己的心,和心中的情慾。因為七情六慾比一切騙人的東西更利害。”

3) 每天的操練:

正如操練聖潔的生活一樣,克制罪慾也是一每天的操練:Owen 認為, to leave sin above is to let it bring forth great, cursed, scandalous, soul-destroying sins......Unless we mortify sins daily and constantly, if will get the better of us and destroy us as believers......To neglect this help from God is to allow the heart to become hardened by sin(Heb.3:13), and to weaken the whole Christian life(see Psalm 31:10; 38:5,8; 40:12; 51:8).”
巴克斯特於1656年所寫的《論革新的牧師》一書中亦指出,“要防止有罪的情慾......把省察自己的內心,壓制腐敗和靠上帝,當作每天必做的嚴重功課。”

4) 克制罪慾的操練:

Owen 十分仔細地描述了這過程,以下是他的重點;
a. Consider whether the sin exhibits particularly dangerous symptoms:
First, look for a sense of inevitability about the sin......Second, scrutinize pleas you make to excuse and tolerate a sin within you......Third, note the frequency with which sin eludes mortification......Fourth, determine if you argue against sin only because you fear punishment......Fifth, watch lest God‘s chastening punishment hardens your heart......Sixth, take heed lest sin turns your heart from God“......If so, only way to get out is by prayer and fasting.

b. Maintain a clear and abiding sense of guilt, anger and evil of sin.

c. Let the guilty weight of sin burden your conscience.

Load your conscience with these and repent before God. For unless the conscience is unable to alleviate its guilt of sin, the soul will never seriously attempt mortification.
d. Seek with a constant longing to be delivered from the power of sin.

e. Consider if the evil perplexing you is rooted in your nature, and nurtured and exaggerated by your temperament.“

    以上的操練都指向提高對罪的警覺性,當發現便徹底解決它。這些操練非靠人的行為,乃全靠賴基督十架的救贖,如Owen 所言:

Let faith look on Christ in the gospel as he is set forth dying and crucified for us. Look on Him under the weight of our sins, praying, bleeding, dying : bring Him in that condition into the heart by faith; apply His blood so shed to thy corruptions; do this daily”

C. 小結:

以上所談及的操練很易令人覺得清教徒乃苦修主義者,因他們十分強調每天的操練和克己的功課。但他們所指出的正是聖經所教導:如「捨己,天天背起他的十架跟從主」(9:23),「靠聖靈治死身體的惡行」(8:13)和「恐懼戰兢作成得救的工夫......凡所行的都......(2:12)等。

Hawkes 在這方面有十分精確的分晰:“ Christian, in his reflection(self-inspection of ones desires in the context of the Scripture), turning to endeavor( only in endeavor that one discover his own weakness, his total need of the power of Christ), and from endeavor back to a scriptural evaluation(seeing in oneself the special, peculiar, and distinguishing graces of Christ). According to the Puritans’ model, the normal helical growth of the Christian life will avoid the errors of subjectivism, self-dependency and trusting in works, but realized the fact that the growth is in faith in Christ.

    因此,清教徒是在不斷自省中日溢體會自己的無助和上帝的救贖、赦勉及能力。


聖潔生活的意義


    要瞭解清教徒對聖潔生活所定的意義,便先要瞭解當時教會內的情況。為要糾正那些宗教偽善者和那些只靠行為的信徒的錯誤,聖潔生活的內在和外在表現必須加以強調,而另一方面、上帝的恩典如何作成這工作更是一重要的基礎。以下是其中的要點:

A. 內心的更新:

    正如<天路歷程>中的「脣徒」,當時教會中有很多隻會講很多屬靈道理的人,但他們內心卻沒有宗教-他們既沒有祈禱,也沒有悔罪的表示。所以清教徒十分強調聖靈在信徒內心更新的工作,如John Owen曾指出:

Sanctification is and immediate work of the spirit of God on the souls of believers, purifying and cleansing of their natures from the pollution and uncleanness of sin, renewing in them the image of God, and thereby enabling them from a spiritual and habitual principle of grace, to yield obedience unto God......Or more briefly; it is the universal renovation of our natures by the Holy Spirit into the image of God, through Jesus Christ......our holiness, which is the fruit and effect of this work”

    可見,這種聖靈的工作是一建基於基督救贖的客觀真確經歷,使信徒順服神和擁有祂的形像。而主觀方面,信徒自己也能經歷到這種聖靈的工作。本仁約翰細緻地描述了這種內心的經驗:

    “聖靈感化他的心,使他知進他自己的罪......就會覺得罪的可憂與可恥。在他心中,他又找到了基督是世界人類的救主,覺得生人生中非與基督親近不可,追求的心如饑如渴......也喜歡聖潔的事”

    本仁約翰指出這種聖靈感化是信徒自己能知道的,雖然有時還會生疑團。

B. 內外皆合上帝的話:

     在見証方面,這些偽善者更不斷絆倒人、褻瀆主名,如果一有機會,便會欺騙、勾引,用各樣方法討人的便宜。因此,本仁約翰力指信徒外在的生活表現必須與內心聖靈更新一致:

    “就是在外或在家,言語行為都是聖潔的。使他內心對於罪,會生出厭惡的心;對於家庭與社會,都會鼓勵人們去行聖潔無罪的行為。”

    而這種內外的一致的準則並非人自以為好,乃是以聖經為標準:

   “上帝說我們怎樣,我們就把自己當做怎樣。這樣的思想方可算為合上帝的道理。......上帝的話不但決定我們的思想,也能決定我們的行為。如果我們的內心與外面的行為都能一致,並且都能與上帝的道打成一片,那末,我們就可算內外如一 ,真是善人了。”

The word changed into grace in our hearts......the spirit worketh nothing in us, but what the word first requireth of us......growth is nothing but increase in conformity to the word”

     由此可見,清教徒看聖潔乃內外不斷被聖靈改變,以至更與上帝的話一致。

C. 靠恩典的成全:

    此外,那時教會中“還有許多做天路客的,雖然他們做了教友,也仍然茫無頭緒,不知道得救之道。”

    這些人的錯誤在於靠人的行為去取悅上帝,他們有以下的思想:“我遵守上帝的律法,靠上帝的恩典接受我,我便得稱為公義,可以免刑。”

     因此,在清教徒聖潔生活的著作中強調上帝的恩典已作成信徒成聖的功夫,而信徒追求聖潔乃生命自然的取向,例如:

    “乃是基督親自所行的,一方面來替我們遵守律法......我專心依靠主的功勞,好像一件潔白無瑕的衣服,穿在身上。......一個人靠基督的功勞得稱為義,他必定會喜歡歸服上帝......順從祂的道......

    這種追求聖潔的取向非靠人的努力維持,乃單因信心而至:Walter Marshall stated that, “ Think not that you can incline your heart to the immediate practice of holiness, by any such practical principles, as do only serve to Lord......but rather let such principles stir you up to go to Christ first by faith”

John Preston 進一步解釋因信心而有的聖潔行動之意義乃單為回應主愛而行:“ To do a thing out of faith is nothing else but when out of persuasion of God‘s love to one, I do this thing, merely for His sake.”

所以,Owen只著眼於上帝的聖潔,而非個人聖潔:

Whilst I know Christ‘s righteousness, I shall the less care to know my own holiness. To be holy is necessary, to know it , sometimes a temptation.”

D. 小結:

    以上可見清教徒為了糾正當時教會內的腐敗,針對他們對聖潔的誤解和忽視作回應。清教徒看聖潔乃人得救後的必定和自然的表現,由內而外的活出上帝的話。這是上帝恩典的工作,而非靠人的努力可及。

   Parker 亦十分同意他們所指出聖潔的必須和重要性,而這也正是新約聖經的教導。 彼前1:15指出信徒「在一切所行的事上也要聖潔」,而帖前4:3則強調「上帝的旨意是要你們成為聖潔」。

    此外,Hawkes 也同意清教徒的聖潔生活乃基督的恩典在人內心作成的,而非靠人的行為。從清教徒細緻地描述人的順服與神恩的成全如何互相配合,讓我們更明白腓2:12-13中的意思。

清教運動的歷史背境


    清教運動起源於十六世紀六十年代的英國教會。雖然英國教會於一五三四年脫離了羅馬教庭,由享利八世(英王)自立為教會之首,但這只為順應改革運動帶來的潮流衝擊,而非真正希望在宗教上有所改革。直至伊利沙伯女王時期(一五五八),教會內部仍腐敗不堪。

    在一六四○年底,英國議會負責懲查教牧人員的委員會公佈了第一次調查結果,竟有一百多宗有關教牧醜行的案件,並稱仍將繼續研究以至盡數發見這種有虧牧職的事例。此外,本仁約翰的<天路歷程>中也暗指教會中有很多偽善的人,他們“雖說服事上帝,但卻到酒館中去,常存貪心、淫蕩、濫交、口中又常出汙穢的言語,咒罵的聲音、與謊言。”

    此外,也有很多利用宗教圖利的人,他們“ 斂財的藝術五花八門,應有盡有,或用強權去奪取,或用欺騙之術或用拍馬的方法,或利用親戚援助,或假充宗教的熱忱。”可見這時英國教會的道德標準己大大地偏離了真理。

    而所謂「清教徒」乃當時教會一部份虔潔信徒感到要進一步的改革及肅清教會一切不合聖經的設施。他們竭力要求信仰上純以聖經為準則,而非以教會或所謂傳統制度作為信徒應加遵奉的權威。他們特別強調教會必須是具備聖經所示條件的真宗教和聖潔無庇的真教會。所以,清教運動的本旨是在於宗教醒覺,重教會紀律及信徒本身修勵工夫,希望重新建立教會整體的聖潔生活。

    此外,清教運動不單旨在淨化教會,亦深願透過教會的道義力量來改良社會風俗,革新政治,而使整個人得到實質上和精神上的改良。

    當時很多信徒領就的作品都集中於糾正教會的問題。巴克斯特所著的<基督徒守則>正詳述了基督徒在各方面生活上的責任。而他一另一部有名的<革新的牧師>(1656年初版)則針對教牧的腐敗;他不是消極地討論如何懲戒那些敗德劣行的牧師,而是更積極地對教牧人員作勸勉。之中他痛訴英國社會中有大批心靈飢餓的羊以及無數喪失的靈魂,迫切地待牧養,若教牧不盡職份,還加上自己所犯的積行重重,豈非整個英國教會的一大悲劇。

    他勸勉教牧要使會友能“聖潔、和關心他們的團契、規律、完美、力量、保全、增進、和對上帝的正當敬拜。”而John Owen則眼見清教徒在Oliver Cromewll 帶領的英聯邦統治下的分烈而寫成一些著作,如“OF the Mortification of Sin in Believers(1656), Of Temptation(1658)“及”The Nature, Power, Deceit, and Prevalency of Indwelling Sin(1667)。要提醒信徒操練聖潔和治死罪慾的重要。

    後來,Charles II 登位,以強硬手段壓迫清教徒,本仁約翰的<天路歷程>便在1678年被困獄中寫成的。 其內容描述了信徒在敗壞的世俗和教會衝擊下內心的掙扎和如何持守真理而受迫逼仍堅持下去。

    藉研究回應教會腐敗而寫成的作品,探討清教徒對聖潔生活的思潮,盼望成為今日信徒追求聖潔生活的一些反省和方向。我們會先探討他們所指的聖潔生活有什麼意義 - 其標準和內涵、再進一步瞭解他們操練聖潔的方向、最後是他們如何抗拒世俗的敗壞影響和勉回犯罪頑硬的信徒。