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2019年12月18日 星期三

從清教徒今日信徒追求聖潔生活的反省


A. 聖潔生活的確立:

在當時英國的腐敗社會中有清教徒的興起務求潔淨教會。今天的社會,道德水準更是日溢敗壞,教會亦不斷被世俗同化,其原因非信徒無力抵抗,乃因對聖潔的意義之誤解。

    今天的信徒很少著重自己的生活是否聖潔,他們錯誤地認為這只是一很高和搖不可及的標準。但清教徒提醒我們聖潔是人得救後的必定和自然的表現,由內而外的活出上帝的話。

    若一位自稱為信徒的人,卻仍活在罪中,就如當時英國教會中很多偽善信徒一般,其悔改的真誠是甚為可疑的。因此,教會應清晰有力地教導這真理――聖潔乃必須而非選擇性的。此外,更要鼓勵信徒多體驗聖靈在內心的更新工作,裹外一致地在生活中活出上帝的話,作美好的見証。

B. 竭力追求聖潔與恩典成全:

    對一些保守派教會的信徒而言,聖潔生活的操練很易偏向律法主義和靠個人的努力。特別當提及要竭力追求活出基督,攻克己身,治死老我等操練時,上帝恩典的工作與人的盡力實不易平衡。因此當時英國的教會內有太多「靠行為」的人,讓清教徒深思到上帝的恩典如何作成信徒聖潔生活的追求。他們指出信徒是在竭力追求和不斷自省中深切體會自己的無助和罪惡,從而更深領悟上帝救贖和赦勉的能力。這是一個不斷進深的學習,讓人越發不敢靠自己行善,而只把一切信心放在上帝身上。

    可是,今天的信徒正是缺乏這種操練與體會,以至十分自我,對上帝救贖的能力和恩典亦不能深入體驗。相反地,正如當時英國的信徒一般,今天很多敬虔的信徒抗拒和避除那份「知罪」的心態,因它打擊他們自義的安全感。我們須要從新效正追求的方向,以免「事倍功半」。

C. 以福音的大能改革社會:

    今天美國社會的道德極為敗壞,這正好提醒我們清教徒希望以立法和政治力量改良人民道德的結局。若人內心沒有被福音更新和改變,他們根本沒有行善的能力。面對社會道德水準的日漸敗壞,唯一的出路非政治上的復和或妥協,乃是信徒勇敢地傳揚福音、毫不妥協地以聖潔生活見証福音的大能,這正是今天信徒的使命。深切地體會重要的不是什傳福音的方法和策略,乃是信徒操練聖潔生活的落實。

D. 教會懲治的重要:

    今日教會普遍地過於強調愛心包容,而忽略了懲治的重要性。清教徒的思想中讓我們反省到;若教會不嚴勵地施行懲治,就等於任由信徒不斷沈溺罪中而不悔改,沈溺於撒旦的權勢中、沈溺於上帝永遠燃燒的怒火中。真正的愛是讓犯罪者醒悟到自己犯罪的可惡和嚴重性,從而有發自內心的悔改。

    此外,教會的懲治亦有教育性意義,讓信徒看到罪的嚴重性,從而提高信徒對聖潔生活的重視,以加強教會見証的能力。因此,巴克斯特於《論革新的牧師》一書中表達那份「愛之深、責之切」的強烈情感,足為牧者的模範。


犯罪者的挽回


在當時英國的教會中,除了有很多敗德劣行的信徒外,亦有一批只是暫時相信的人,他們只是怕受地獄刑罰,並未真心悔改,很快便再任意犯罪,長久自欺,那就要永遠沈淪了。 清教徒認為從表面看,很難分辨誰是真心相信的,只有透過訓誡與懲治,才能作分辨與挽回。以下是巴克斯特於《論革新的牧師》一書中的論述撮要:

A. 訓誡與懲治的必須:

    “缺乏訓誡必產生一種欺騙靈魂的傾向;使那些不是基督徒的人以為他們是基督徒......那些敗德的人以為他們的罪是一種可容忍的東西。我們在世人之前竟敗壞基督教本身,叫他們以為一個基督徒只不過是持有這種見解的人,以為基教之所謂聖潔,和世上其他虛偽宗教無殊。假如我們把聖潔和不聖潔的羊放在同一羊欗裏,而不用基督的方法來分別他們,那真是污辱基督了。”

    巴克斯特認為訓誡是分辨真偽信徒的方法,也是保守教會聖潔、不辱主名所必須的。

B. 訓誡與懲治的目的:

    “願他(犯罪者)在上帝之前,在教會會眾之前、真心誠意地悔罪......因為我愛他的靈魂,且順從基督之命,盡我的責任;目的無他,祗求在可能的範圍內,把他從罪惡中、從撒旦的權勢中、從上帝永遠燃燒的怒火中救出來,使他得以和上帝及教會復和。”

    巴克斯特因愛那肢體與順服上帝,切望挽回他;懲治只是工具,愛心挽回才是最終的目的。

C. 訓誡與懲治的過程:

1) 訓誡那些過去犯罪或頑固不悟的生活的人:先聽那些私下勸戒他的人之報告,再由牧師試行規勸。

2) 運用規律勸導人表明出悔改的樣式:必須有憑據才作控告,在公開於會眾以前,先由教會幾位亮級人員私下聽斷這事。而另一方面,求上帝改變他們的心。

3) 悔改後要設法使他完全恢復原有地位。
4) 革除那些受過充份試驗仍頑固不知悔悟的人:為他們祈禱,使他們有悔改與復原之日。

D. 小結:

上述的懲治目的和方法皆與聖經相合(18:15-20;林前5:9-13 6:1-11;提前5:19-21;帖後3:14-15),重點在於以愛、禱告和上帝的感化挽回犯罪的肢體,也從中分辨信徒的真偽。

抗拒世俗影響


    除了信徒內心的操練外,社會和政治上的勢力不斷打擊及沾染信徒的生潔生命。如諾克斯的慨嘆:「我們可以斷言有訐多果樹是當果子成熟之前即被毀壞了......被專制暴力所摧殘,......有的為暴風雨所擊打,再有的被害蟲或毒泉所毒害」。

    因此,Owen 也就這方面有以下提醒:

The world is a present in a mighty hurry, and being in many places cut off from all foundations of steadfastness, it make the minds of men giddy with its revolutions, or disorderly in the expectations of them......hence men walk and talk as if the world were all, when comparatively it is nothing. and when men come with their warmed affections, reeking with thoughts of these things, unto the performance of or attendance unto any spiritual duty, it is very difficult for them, if not impossible, to stir up any grace unto a due and vigorous exercise.”

    以上可見,世俗的思想很難與聖潔和平共存,清教徒們須要竭力地抗拒世俗的沾染,持守聖潔。此外,清教徒更要以聖潔的真理改良社會、律法、風俗,改良人民的人生,叫人棄惡從善。

小結:

    清教徒要以聖潔的真理改革社會固然是聖經的教導,但改革的方法必須謹慎。以福音的大能和見証的能力喚醒人的道德良知,自然能改良社會;但若靠政治力量逼使人民服從真理,這只是摧向道德主義罷了!

正如Karlberg指出:“ Efforts to build a Christian society, one in which godly piety and faith were its hallmarks, inevitably paved the way for a form of moralism......More seriously, the rise of moralism in Puritan theology jeopardized the purity of the gospel. ”


聖潔生活的操練


    清教運動的歷史背境中,已談及教會的腐敗,在這情況下,除了強調上帝的恩典成全信徒的聖潔外,信徒追求聖潔的責任也是清教徒所十分關注的。正如Parker 在描述 Owen 的作品時指出,“Holiness is both Gods promised gift and mans prescribed duty: neither can we perform our duty herein withour the grace of God; nor doth God give us this grace unto any other end but that we may rightly perform our duty.’ ......Sanctification has a double aspect. Its positive side is vivification, the growing and maturing of the new man; its negative side is mortification, the weakening and killing of the old man, the new powers and inclinations which regeneration implanted within us.

    以下,我將就追求聖潔和克制罪慾這兩方面去探討清教徒如何將聖潔的操練落實於生活中。

A.     追求聖潔:

1)     每天的操練:

清教徒看聖潔的追求須要不斷的練習,使其成為一自然的習慣。正如 Owen 所言:

Frequency of acts doth naturally increase and strengthen the habits whence they preceed. And in spiritual habits, it is so, moreover, by God‘s appointment......They grow and thrive in and by their exercise”

而這習慣是須要藉生活中每個行動去學習的:

the actual aid, assistance and internal operation of the Spirit of God is necessary unto the producing of every holy act of our mind, wills and affection, in every duty whatsoever”

2)     默想的操練:

Owen 進一步指出這種綀習乃透過默想的操練,注目於上帝的美善和自我的罪惡:

Meditate on the excellence of God‘s majesty and your own infinite, inconceivable distance from Him. This will prompt you to recognize your evil heart, a recognition which strikes at the root of any indwelling sin within you.”

Meditate much on your unacquaintedness with God. Little as you may know of Him, it is more than enough to keep you low and humbled.......God, by our Infirmity and weakness, keeps us in continual dependence upon Him for teachings and revelation of Himself from His Word. ......Let us, then, discerning once more the awful distance between the inconceivably great God and our own smallness, fill our soul with a holy and awesome fear of Him.”

    這種默想的操練讓人在上帝面前自卑,不斷依靠上帝,至孕育出心靈對上帝的敬畏。因此,這份畏懼心是一種覺悟,叫人知罪、能改過。

3)     畏懼與依靠:

    當時的信徒正是要抗拒和避除這份畏懼心,因它打擊他們自以為聖潔的心態。因此,本仁約翰針對他們的錯誤,對「畏懼」有以下的解釋:

“畏懼心使一個人的靈性上生出尊敬神的心,遵守神的道......小心翼翼的保守,不向左走,亦不向右走,卻走在正道上。務使他終身不做污辱神聖名的事,不使敵人毀謗上帝的名,不使聖靈擔憂,心中常存平安。”

Owen進一步指出這份畏懼迫使信徒更依靠上帝去過聖潔生活:
And we have a due regard unto the promise (1) when we walk in a constant sense of our inability tocomply with the command......from any power in ourselves, (2) When we adore that grace which hath provided help and relief for us, (3)  When we act faith in prayer and expectation on the promise for supplies of grace enabling us to holy obedience.”
 
B. 克制罪慾:

    另一方面,清教徒於英國聯邦政府統治時期的分烈和後退迫使Owen 深切反省到藏於信徒內心的罪之影響力。Parker 在介紹Owen 作品的引言中亦指出, The reality of indwelling sin in Christians had no doubt come to Owen with overwhelming conviction during the last years of the Common wealth government. He resisted Cromwell‘s personal ambitions to be crowned king and faced dissensions and strike among his compatriots. Later he lived to see his and others’ dreams for  ”a commonwealth of godliness“ collapse. All the political aspirations Owen had for his nation burst like soap bubbles. He saw clearly that the reality behind it all was indwelling sin in Christians.”
 
所以這時期的清教徒作品十分看重如何對付罪。 以下是Owen 他教導信徒如何對付內藏的罪,藉以回應當時的問題。

1) 克制罪慾的定義:

wen 十分仔細地指出 克制罪慾 Mortification(克制罪慾)是:
First, it is the weakening of sin‘s indwelling disposition. Pride is weakened by the implanting and growth of humility, passion is neutralized by patience, uncleanness is washed away by purity of mind and conscience, and love of this world is checked by heavenly mindedness. These graces come from the Holy Spirit. Second, it is the alacrity, vigor, and cheerfulness of the Spirit or new man contending against lust. Mortification succeeds in varying degrees and may completely triumph if the sin in question is not lodged too deeply within the natural temperament.”
以上可見 Mortification 乃漸進的過程,罪慾漸漸減小與上帝美善的漸漸增多。而 Mortification 是可以完成的。

2) 克制罪慾的必須:

Owen 認為, we find the foundation of Christian discipline expressed by Rom.8:13,...... to kill the indwelling sin, the corrupted flesh or lust thought with the help of Holy Spirit in order to have the joy, comfort and vigor of the life in Christ.

克制罪慾是信徒新生命的基礎,也是信徒成長的必經之路。

本仁約翰亦指出,“最要緊的是管好你們自己的心,和心中的情慾。因為七情六慾比一切騙人的東西更利害。”

3) 每天的操練:

正如操練聖潔的生活一樣,克制罪慾也是一每天的操練:Owen 認為, to leave sin above is to let it bring forth great, cursed, scandalous, soul-destroying sins......Unless we mortify sins daily and constantly, if will get the better of us and destroy us as believers......To neglect this help from God is to allow the heart to become hardened by sin(Heb.3:13), and to weaken the whole Christian life(see Psalm 31:10; 38:5,8; 40:12; 51:8).”
巴克斯特於1656年所寫的《論革新的牧師》一書中亦指出,“要防止有罪的情慾......把省察自己的內心,壓制腐敗和靠上帝,當作每天必做的嚴重功課。”

4) 克制罪慾的操練:

Owen 十分仔細地描述了這過程,以下是他的重點;
a. Consider whether the sin exhibits particularly dangerous symptoms:
First, look for a sense of inevitability about the sin......Second, scrutinize pleas you make to excuse and tolerate a sin within you......Third, note the frequency with which sin eludes mortification......Fourth, determine if you argue against sin only because you fear punishment......Fifth, watch lest God‘s chastening punishment hardens your heart......Sixth, take heed lest sin turns your heart from God“......If so, only way to get out is by prayer and fasting.

b. Maintain a clear and abiding sense of guilt, anger and evil of sin.

c. Let the guilty weight of sin burden your conscience.

Load your conscience with these and repent before God. For unless the conscience is unable to alleviate its guilt of sin, the soul will never seriously attempt mortification.
d. Seek with a constant longing to be delivered from the power of sin.

e. Consider if the evil perplexing you is rooted in your nature, and nurtured and exaggerated by your temperament.“

    以上的操練都指向提高對罪的警覺性,當發現便徹底解決它。這些操練非靠人的行為,乃全靠賴基督十架的救贖,如Owen 所言:

Let faith look on Christ in the gospel as he is set forth dying and crucified for us. Look on Him under the weight of our sins, praying, bleeding, dying : bring Him in that condition into the heart by faith; apply His blood so shed to thy corruptions; do this daily”

C. 小結:

以上所談及的操練很易令人覺得清教徒乃苦修主義者,因他們十分強調每天的操練和克己的功課。但他們所指出的正是聖經所教導:如「捨己,天天背起他的十架跟從主」(9:23),「靠聖靈治死身體的惡行」(8:13)和「恐懼戰兢作成得救的工夫......凡所行的都......(2:12)等。

Hawkes 在這方面有十分精確的分晰:“ Christian, in his reflection(self-inspection of ones desires in the context of the Scripture), turning to endeavor( only in endeavor that one discover his own weakness, his total need of the power of Christ), and from endeavor back to a scriptural evaluation(seeing in oneself the special, peculiar, and distinguishing graces of Christ). According to the Puritans’ model, the normal helical growth of the Christian life will avoid the errors of subjectivism, self-dependency and trusting in works, but realized the fact that the growth is in faith in Christ.

    因此,清教徒是在不斷自省中日溢體會自己的無助和上帝的救贖、赦勉及能力。